What physical factors determine an airplane's aspect ratio?

The aspect ratio of an airplane's wing is defined as the ratio of the wingspan to the average chord (the width) of the wing. This relationship is crucial because it affects the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing, such as lift efficiency and drag.

In practical terms, a wing with a high aspect ratio (long and narrow) typically generates lift more efficiently and tends to have lower induced drag, which is beneficial for gliders and long-range aircraft. Conversely, a wing with a low aspect ratio (short and wide) may provide better maneuverability and structural strength, which is often desirable for fighter jets or aerobatic planes.

Specific factors such as span (the distance from one wingtip to the other) and chord (the distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing) directly relate to how the aspect ratio is calculated and determine the overall design and performance characteristics of the aircraft. Understanding this concept is fundamental in aerodynamics and aircraft design.